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|commander2 = |commander3 = |commander4 = |commander5= |casualties1 = 50,000 English and Welsh |casualties2 = |casualties3 = |casualties4 = |casualties5 = 34,000〔 |casualties6 = 127,000 noncombat English and Welsh deaths (including some 40,000 civilians)〔(Second and third English Civil Wars ), "''While it is notoriously difficult to determine the number of casualties in any war, it has been estimated that the conflict in England and Wales claimed about 85,000 lives in combat, with a further 127,000 noncombat deaths (including some 40,000 civilians).''"〕 |notes = |campaignbox = }} The Wars of the Three Kingdoms〔Ian Gentles, citing John Morrill, states, "there is no stable, agreed title for the events.... They have been variously labeled the Great Rebellion, the Puritan Revolution, the English Civil War, the English Revolution and most recently, the Wars of the Three Kingdoms." 〕 formed an intertwined series of conflicts that took place in England, Ireland and Scotland between 1639 and 1651. The English Civil War has become the best-known of these conflicts and included the execution of the kingdoms' monarch, Charles I, by the English parliament in 1649. The term "Wars of the Three Kingdoms" is often extended to include the uprisings and conflicts that continued through the 1650s until the English Restoration of the monarchy with Charles II, in 1660, and sometimes until Venner's uprising the following year. The wars were the outcome of tensions over religious and civil issues. Religious disputes centered on whether religion was to be dictated by the monarch or the choice of the individual, with many people feeling that they ought to have freedom of religion. The related civil questions were to what extent the king's rule was constrained by parliaments—in particular his right to raise taxes and armed forces without consent. Furthermore, the wars also had an element of national conflict, as Ireland and Scotland rebelled against England's primacy within the Three Kingdoms. The victory of the English Parliament—ultimately under Oliver Cromwell—over the king, the Irish and the Scots helped to determine the future of Great Britain and Ireland as a constitutional monarchy with political power centered on London. The Wars of the Three Kingdoms also paralleled a number of similar conflicts at the same time in Europe, such as the Fronde in France and the rebellions of the Netherlands and Portugal against Spanish rule. The wars included the Bishops' Wars of 1639 and 1640, the Scottish Civil War of 1644–45; the Irish Rebellion of 1641, Confederate Ireland, 1642–49 and the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland in 1649 (collectively the Eleven Years War or Irish Confederate Wars); and the First, Second and Third English Civil Wars of 1642–46, 1648–49 and 1650–51. Although the term is not new, having been used by James Heath in his book ''A Brief Chronicle of all the Chief Actions so fatally Falling out in the three Kingdoms'', first published in 1662, recent publications' tendency to name these linked conflicts the ''Wars of the Three Kingdoms'' represents a trend by modern historians aiming to take a unified overview rather than treating some of the conflicts as mere background to the ''English Civil War''. Some, such as Carlton and Gaunt have labelled them the British Civil Wars.〔Trevor Royle published his 2004 book under different titles. In the UK it was called ''Civil War: The Wars of the Three Kingdoms'' while in the US it was called ''The British Civil War: The Wars of the Three Kingdoms, 1638–1660'' .〕 == Background == Since 1541, monarchs of England had also styled their Irish territory as a Kingdom (ruled with the assistance of a separate Irish Parliament), while Wales became more closely integrated into the Kingdom of England under Henry VIII. Scotland, the third separate kingdom, was governed by the House of Stuart. With the English Reformation, King Henry VIII made himself head of the Protestant Church of England and outlawed Catholicism in England and Wales. In the course of the 16th century Protestantism became intimately associated with national identity in England: English folk in general saw Catholicism as the national enemy, especially as embodied in France and Spain. However, Catholicism remained the religion of most people in Ireland and was for many a symbol of native resistance to the Tudor conquest of Ireland in the 16th century. In the Kingdom of Scotland the Protestant Reformation was a popular movement led by John Knox. The Scottish Parliament legislated for a national Presbyterian church, the Church of Scotland or "Kirk", and the Catholic Mary, Queen of Scots, was forced to abdicate in favour of her son James VI of Scotland. James grew up under a regency disputed between Catholic and Protestant factions, then took power and aspired to be a "universal King" favouring the English Episcopalian system of bishops appointed by the king. In 1584, he introduced bishops, but met vigorous opposition and had to concede that the General Assembly running the church should continue to do so. The personal union of the three kingdoms under one monarch came about when King James VI of Scotland succeeded Elizabeth to the English throne in 1603. When Charles I succeeded his father, he had three main concerns regarding England and Wales: how to fund his government, how to limit parliament's interference in his rule and how to reform the church. He showed little interest in his other two kingdoms, Scotland and Ireland.〔("Charles I and the eleven years’ personal rule in England and Wales", Open University )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Wars of the Three Kingdoms」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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